Francesco Sacco, Dalton Sakthivadivel, Michael Levin; Topological constraints on self-organization in locally interacting systems. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 14 May 2026; 384 (2320): 20250011.

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—————SOURCES———————————————————————— Percolation – Béla Bollobás and Oliver Riordan Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006. Sixty Years of Percolation – H...

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—————SOURCES———————————————————————— Percolation – Béla Bollobás and Oliver Riordan Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006. Sixty Years of Percolation – Hugo Duminil-Copin https://www.ihes.fr/~duminil/publi/2018ICM.pdf Percolation – Geoffrey Grimmett volume 321 of Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, second edition, 1999. —————NOTES————————————————————————— Note at 10:42 – The uniqueness of the infinite cluster is known for the d-dimenional lattice since the works of Aizenman, Kesten and Newman - [Uniqueness of the infinite cluster and continuity of connectivity functions for short and long range percolation (1987)] and Burton and Keane - [Density and uniqueness in percolation (1989)]. It does not hold in general: when the graph in question is a regular tree for example, there are always infinitely many clusters during the supercritical phase. The two last results shown here are only known for site percolation (in which vertices are open or closed instead of edges) in the triangular lattice, where a scaling limit for the boundaries of critical clusters was proved to exist (more on that in the third note). It is believed that these results are universal, that is, valid in great generality for planar percolation processes near criticality. The third result is from an appendix by Gábor Pete in the paper [Scaling limits for the threshold window: When does a monotone Boolean function flip its outcome? (2017)] by Ahlberg and Steif. Consider an n by n box, and the event where there exists a left-right crossing of said box. Recall the uniform coupling from the video: intuitively, the result is saying that the point at which this crossing emerges in the uniform coupling is with high probability inside an interval of size n^{-3/4} around 1/2. The fourth result is saying that the average size of the cluster of the origin (or any other given point) goes to infinity as we let p approach the critical parameter like a specific power of the distance between p and p_c. This power is called a critical exponent. The existence of these exponents was proved by Smirnov and Werner in the paper [Critical exponents for two-dimensional percolation (2001)]. Note at 10:52 – Hugo Duminil-Copin has several major contributions to the study of processes arising in statistical physics, including Bernoulli percolation. Among his works on Ising and Ising-like processes we can cite [Random Currents and Continuity of Ising Model’s Spontaneous Magnetization (2015)] with Aizenman and Sidoravicius and [Sharp phase transition for the random-cluster and Potts models via decision trees (2019)] with Raoufi and Tassion. Note at 12:38 – In the triangular lattice site percolation, Stanislav Smirnov proved the conformal invariance of crossing probabilities at criticality (see https://www.unige.ch/~smirnov/papers/icmp-final.pdf for an overview), which led to the proof of the existence of scaling limits of exploration curves as Schramm–Loewner evolution processes. See [Critical percolation in the plane (2009)] by Smirnov. This provided a deep understanding of the critical phase in the triangular lattice site percolation, which to this day is not extended to the square lattice. Note at 17:52 – It is not at all obvious that the probability of being connected to infinity is continuous above criticality. This result can be proved in the d-dimenional hypercubic lattices using the uniqueness of the infinite cluster, and more generally it was proved for transitive graphs (intuitively, graphs in which all vertices look the same) by Häggström, Peres and Schonmann in [Percolation on transitive graphs as a coalescent process: Relentless merging followed by simultaneous uniqueness (1999)]. —————SECTIONS——————————————————————— 0:00 Introduction 1:37 Definition – Bernoulli Percolation 5:23 Definition – Uniform Coupling 7:56 Exploration – High-Resolution Square Grid 9:40 Exploration – Questions and Kesten's Theorem 10:58 Exploration – Ising Model 11:54 Exploration – Critical Percolation 12:50 Exploration – Three-Dimensional Cubic Lattice and Beyond 14:13 Proof – Theorem Statement 15:14 Proof – Simplifications 16:29 Proof – Definition of Critical Parameter 18:41 Proof – Critical Parameter is Greater Than Zero 20:44 Proof – Duality Definition 21:56 Proof – Critical Parameter is Less Than One 25:16 Proof – Summary and Idea for Kesten's Theorem 26:11 Conclusion —————CREDITS———————————————————————— Caio Alves – writing, 3D animation Aranka Hrušková – writing, clarinet Vilas Winstein – writing, 2D animation, editing, voice-over Special thanks to Anisah Awad, Gábor Pete, Jyotsna Sreenivasan, Angie Zavala This video is an entry in the second Summer of Mathematics Exposition (#SoME2) The photographs used in this video are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en Uploader: Spectral Collective Duration: 1612s Views: 455517

According to physicist Jeremy England, the origin and evolution of life can be explained by the fundamental laws of nature. He proposes that living things are better at capturing and dissipating energy from their environment compared to inanimate objects. England has derived a mathematical formula based on established physics that explains this capacity. His theory, which underlies Darwin's theory of evolution, has sparked controversy among his colleagues. While some see it as a potential breakthrough, others find it speculative. England's idea is based on the second law of thermodynamics and the process of dissipating energy. He argues that self-replication and structural organization are mechanisms by which systems increase their ability to dissipate energy. His theory may have implications for understanding the formation of patterned structures in nature.